By : Purba Masrul Dasuha, S.Pd
Introduction
Prior to recognize text, Simalungun language can only be expressed in the form of oral, people began to recognize the handwriting is Simalungun since the advent of the influence of the Indian nation. Simalungun characters (surat sappuluh siah) that we know today, and many are written in pustaha-pustaha Simalungun no other is the contribution of the Pallava script of India. According to experts, the Pallava script into the land of the Batak through Mandailing area, near the border of West Sumatra, where he later developed and spread into the area between Parapat and Balige, from there it spread to Simalungun and Toba. Subsequent spread over many directions coming from Simelungun, which then spread to the Toba, Karo, Pakpak and ago from Toba to Pakpak, and then from Pakpak extends again to Karo (Van der Tuuk, Parkin, and Kozok). As with any other Batak script, script Simalungun divided into two forms, namely the indungni surat (letters mother) and anakni surat (letter son/diacritics).
Figure 1: The Comparison of Batak Letters
In the Simalungun language there are a number of phonemes that are rarely found in other Batak language. Phonemes that there is some form of consonants and diphthongs shaped. Phonemes that are /ou/, /ei/, and /ui/, /h/, /d/, /g/, and /b/, and all located at the end of the word. In addition Simalungun language, the phoneme /ou/, /ei/, and /ui/ is also often found in the Malay languages, Karo, Alas in Southeast Aceh and South Aceh Keluet. Phoneme /ou/, /ei/, and /ui/, this language is called the anakni surat or diacritics, which recognize only diacritical specifically for these phonemes, each named hatulungan, hatalingan, and hatuluyan. Diphthongs /ou/ are also present in Karo script, but not the other Batak scripts. However, in Karo, there is no special diacritic for phoneme /ou/, and its use is only limited to the Karo language Ginger-ginger accent living in Deli Serdang and Langkat, do not spread to other Karo dialect that is settled in the center of the Karo area, such Kabanjahe and Gugung dialect. Alas language and Keluet who no longer have the original script as in Batak land and has been replaced with Arabic script Jawi or Malay, so it is difficult to explain the existence of the diphthongs. However, the actual language Keluet and is a manifestation of language combinations Pakpak, Karo, Simalungun, Aceh, and Malay. So if traced the shape of the original characters that became extinct probably not much different from the script of Simalungun and Karo.
In Simalungun language, the diphthongs /ou/ can be seen in the word horbou, pisou, magou, kahou, sopou, lahou, lopou, babou, and dilou. Then the diphthongs /ei/ in the word lobei, hitei, bogei, dogei, atei, and buei. Furthermore, the diphthongs /ui/ contained in said tondui, langui, apui, sungui, babui, ampodui, surui, and haluhui. Furthermore, the language Alas, that is the word endou, enggou, idou, benei, melohei, awei, kelukui, tendui, and apui. In Keluet who only knows the language diphthongs /ou/ and /ei/, that is the word kou, kerbou, tangkou, benei, kunei, awei, atei, and mbuei. Karo is in the language, which is the word dilou, belou, sapou, rimou, ayou, namou, payou, matei, berei, isei, keina, benei, and lumei. When viewed equivalent to another language Batak (Toba, Mandailing-Angkola, Pakpak), diphthongs /ou/ unusual sounds /o/ as in the following words horbo, piso, mago, sopo, laho, babo, tangko, and dilo; /ei/ sounds /e/ as said lebe, hite, bege, dege, ate, and mbue, and /ui/ sounds /i/ as said tondi, tondi, langi, api, babi, suri, and halihi.
Figure 2: Simalungun Letters (Surat Sappuluh Siah)
Besides Simelungun language also know the final phoneme /h/ as in the word daroh, babah, spirit, dilah, soh, and gogoh; phonemes in a language is not specifically Simalungun langauge, because the final phoneme is also found in languages Pakpak, Karo, Alas, and Keluet but not for Toba language, Mandailing, and they do not know the slightest Angkola will use these phonemes, those words will sound daroh -- daro, babah --baba, roh -- ro, dilah -- dila and gogoh become gogo. When explored further phoneme /ou/, /ei/, /ui/, and /h/ phoneme is a direct legacy of the ancient Austronesian language which has been long extinct. As we know this ancient Austronesian language is the mother language that lowers the entire language in most of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.
Voorhoeve (1955) had argued that language cover Simalungun also recognize phonemes /d/, /g/, and /b/, which also does not exist in the vocabulary of the Batak language to another. Phoneme cover still looks once in a few words, either spoken or written . Phoneme /d/ found in the word bod, saud, tuod, agad, sogod, bagod, sarad, and alud. Moderate final phoneme /g/ in the word dolog, pusog, balog, gijig, ubag, lanog, gilog, borgog, bolag, bogbog, pag, and ulog. Then the final phoneme /b/ in the word dob, rongkob, dorab, tayub, and sab. In Pakpak language and Karo /d/ changed to /n/, and /g/ be /ng/, like the word bod into bon/ben, saud be sahun, tuod be tiwen, sogod became cegen, sarad into saran, and alud be alun. Then word dolog be deleng, pusog be puseng, balog be baleng, lanog be laneng, borgog be bergeng, bolag be belang, and pag became pang. Moderate phoneme /b/ is undetermined shape changes.
Figure 3: Anakni Surat Simalungun Letters/Diacritic
Gorys Keraf in his Historical Comparative Linguistics argued, that the phoneme /d/, /g/, and /b/ are phonemes that are considered problematic in several languages, not only in the language of the archipelago, but also in European languages. Since the phoneme /d/, /g/, and /b/ is descriptively usually undergo a process of neutralization when in late position, and replaced by the phoneme /t/, /k/, and /p/. When in fact the phoneme can appear in early position, middle, and end. That's the problem, because many languages are no longer showing symptoms. The question arises, then why is language Simalungun language still showing symptoms?
In the language Simalungun there are quite a lot of words that are not product Simalungun. The words were generally adopted from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and Tamil. Uptake from the Sanskrit word only used very much at all, as in calling the names of gods with mamis, bisnu, sori, hala, and borma which is a change in the shape of the word shiwa, whisnu, sri, kala, and brahma. In calling zodiac with mesa, morsoba, mituna, harahata, singa, hania, tula, mortiha, dahanu, mahara, humba, and mena; in Sanskrit called by mesa, vrisabha, mithuna, karkata, singha, kanye, tule, vrstika, dhanu, makara, kumbha, and mina. Then to mention the names of the days like adintia, suma, anggara, mudaha, boraspati, sihora, and samisara which in Sanskrit reads aditya, soma, anggara, budha, brihaspati, syukra, and syanaiscara. Furthermore to mention the names of the wind (Simalungun: deisa na waluh) as purba, pastima, otara, daksina, agoni, nariti, manabia, and irisanna which is a change of word form purva, pastjima, utthara, daksina, agni, nairti, wajawia, and aisana.
Not only is it for the words that are common, Sanskrit also absorbed too much and then being to be Simalungun langauge like the word "boniaga" is derived from the word "vanijya", "naibata" of the word "devata", "purba" of the word "purva", "porsaya" of the word "pratyaya", "dousa" of the word "dosha", "bangsa" of the word "wamsa", "susian" of the word "sisya", "horja" of the word "karya", "arga" of the word "argha", "halani" of the word "karana", "rupa" of the word "rupa", "ugama" of the word "agama", "nagori" of the word "nagari", "basa" of the word "waca", "balei" of the word "walaya", "banua" of the word "wanua", "barita" of the word "wrtta", "nanggurdaha" of the word "garuda", "gajah" of the word "gaja", "husapi" of word "kacchapi", "huta" of the word "kuta", and many others. Subsequently uptake of Arabic as the word "pingkir" absorbed from the word "fikr", "adat" from the word "adat", "dunia" of the word "dunya", "uhum" of the word "hukm", "sibolis" of the word "iblis", and others. Then uptake of Persian language as the word "saluar" is derived from the word "shalwar", "sarunei" is derived from the word "surnai", "pinggan" is derived from the word "pinggan". And the final absorption of the Tamil language as the word "bodil" absorbed from the word "badil", "sohei" from the Tamil word "cukkai", "mandihei" from the Tamil word "komattikai", and others. We have not been able to determine exactly how the word absorption process occurs , whether it is directly absorbed from the Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and Tamil or through any other language which it never entered and direct contact with the foreign language
Conclusion
Although looks much difference with the other Batak language, but the existence of Simalungun language not regardless of the language around him. Simalungun language can not pull away when it is said to have great similarities with the Toba language, Mandailing, and Angkola as South clumps language. And there is no denying if Simalungun language has much in common with the Pakpak, Karo, Alas, and Keluet language as North clumps language. Geoff Wollams in research on Karo language found that of the 207 basic vocabulary which he compared between Karo and Simalungun language turns out there are similarities in both languages by 80 %. Why it happens? Simalungun language seen in position standing between the two clusters (Voorhoeve: 1955). But according to Adelaar (981), however Simalungun language is actually one branch of cognates south who parted with the Toba, Mandailing, and Angkola language before three languages was created. Form Adelaar elaboration, it means Simalungun language existed before the other southern cognates are formed which later separated. This is in accordance with Kozok (1999:14) who asserts that if judging from the distribution of the Batak language and scipt, language and script of Simalungun much older than langauge and script of Toba, Pakpak, and Karo.
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